West Africa, a region rich in agricultural diversity, is home to several indigenous cattle breeds that have evolved to thrive in its varied climatic and ecological zones. These breeds, shaped by centuries of traditional pastoralism, possess unique traits such as disease resistance, adaptability to harsh environments, and cultural significance. Here are ten notable cattle breeds endemic to West Africa:
1. N’Dama
The N’Dama breed is native to the Guinea highlands and widely found in countries like Guinea, Sierra Leone, and parts of Nigeria. Known for its trypanotolerance, it can survive in areas infested with tsetse flies, which spread trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Though not as large as some exotic breeds, N’Dama cattle are prized for their hardiness, longevity, and ability to thrive on low-quality forage.
2. Keteku
The Keteku is a crossbreed between the N’Dama and Zebu cattle, primarily found in Nigeria and Benin. It combines the trypanotolerance of N’Dama with the size and strength of the Zebu. Keteku cattle are popular among farmers in the rainforest and savannah zones for their adaptability and moderate milk and meat production.
3. Kuri
Indigenous to the Lake Chad region, the Kuri cattle are notable for their unique inflated, bulbous horns which help regulate body temperature. They are excellent swimmers and are often used by fishermen to transport goods across water. However, the breed is endangered due to declining water levels and crossbreeding with Zebus.
4. Somba
The Somba, also known as Lagune, is a small, trypanotolerant cattle breed found in northern Benin and Togo. Valued for their resilience and calm temperament, Somba cattle are used primarily for milk, meat, and cultural ceremonies. They are often kept in fortified enclosures called “tatakou,” reflecting their cultural significance.
5. Muturu
Muturu cattle are dwarf, humpless animals indigenous to the forest zones of Nigeria, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire. Although small, they are hardy and trypanotolerant. Their compact size makes them ideal for smallholder farms. Traditionally, Muturu cattle play important roles in religious and social rituals.
6. Azawak
The Azawak breed hails from the Sahel region, particularly Niger and Mali. These long-legged, slender cattle are bred for their endurance and ability to walk long distances in search of water and pasture. They are used for both meat and milk and are well-suited for nomadic herding systems.
7. Bunaji (White Fulani)
Also known as White Fulani, Bunaji cattle are among the most widespread Zebu breeds in West Africa, especially in Nigeria and Cameroon. They are easily recognized by their long horns and white coats with black skin underneath. Although less trypanotolerant, they are favored for their size, milk production, and draught power.
8. Djelli (Red Fulani)
Red Fulani or Djelli cattle are a hardy Zebu breed found across the dry Sahelian belt. Their reddish coat helps reflect sunlight, and they are adapted to arid conditions and seasonal migration. They are primarily kept by the Fulani pastoralists and serve as an important source of milk, meat, and wealth.
9. Borgou
Originating from the Borgou region of Benin and parts of Nigeria, Borgou cattle are a hybrid between Zebu and West African shorthorns. They exhibit moderate trypanotolerance and are commonly used for meat, milk, and ploughing. Their calm temperament and adaptability make them suitable for semi-intensive farming systems.
10. Dwarf Shorthorn (West African Shorthorn)
The Dwarf Shorthorn is a humpless, small-sized cattle breed common in the humid zones of Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire. It is among the oldest domesticated breeds in the region and is highly resistant to local diseases. Though low in productivity, its ease of management and survival skills make it a reliable breed for subsistence farmers.
Indigenous cattle breeds in West Africa are more than just sources of meat, milk, and labor—they are living legacies of adaptation, culture, and resilience. As global agricultural practices shift toward sustainability and biodiversity conservation, these native breeds offer a wealth of genetic resources vital for climate-resilient livestock production. Preserving and promoting these breeds is crucial not only for food security but also for the livelihoods of millions of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in the region.
